2,5-Disubstituted-Pyridyl Nicotinic Ligands, and Methods of Use Thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are heterocyclic compounds that are ligands for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The compounds are useful for treating a mammal suffering from any one of a range of therapeutic indications, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, dyskinesias, Tourette&#39;s syndrome, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, pain, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, chemical substance abuse, alcoholism, memory deficit, pseudodementia, Ganser&#39;s syndrome, migraine pain, bulimia, obesity, premenstrual syndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, tobacco abuse, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, chronic fatigue syndrome, premature ejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexia nervosa, disorders of sleep, autism, mutism, trichotillomania, and hypothermia.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/558,757, filed Nov. 11, 2011; and U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/647,182, filed May 15, 2012.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant numberDA027990 and DA025947 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Thegovernment has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) serve a wide rangeof physiological functions and have been implicated in a number ofpathological processes and pharmacological effects of nicotinic drugs.Many of the important in vivo effects of nicotine in the central nervoussystem (CNS) are mediated mainly by the desensitization of nAChRs,specifically α4β2 nAChRs, which are the major nAChR subtype in the CNSand the one most clearly affected (up-regulated) by chronicadministration of nicotine in rats and mice and by smoking in humans.

Sazetidine-A (Saz-A) is a nAChR ligand that is a selective α4β2 nAChRdesensitizer. U.S. Pat. No. 8,030,300 (incorporated by reference). Itsmajor in vitro effect is to desensitize α4β2 nAChRs without affectingeither α3β4 or α7 nAChRs. Saz-A shows strong in vivo effects in animalmodels, including analgesia, reduction in nicotine self-administration,reduction in alcohol intake, antidepressant-like activity, and reversalof attentional impairment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to heterocyclic compoundsthat are ligands for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A second aspectof the invention relates to the use of such a compound for modulation ofa mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The present invention alsorelates to the use of such a compound for treating a mammal sufferingfrom Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias, Tourette'ssyndrome, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, pain,depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, chemical substance abuse,alcoholism, memory deficit, pseudodementia, Ganser's syndrome, migrainepain, bulimia, obesity, premenstrual syndrome or late luteal phasesyndrome, tobacco abuse, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, chronicfatigue syndrome, premature ejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexianervosa, disorders of sleep, autism, mutism or trichtillomania. Thepresent invention also relates to the use of such a compound fortreating a mammal suffering from hypothermia.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the conceptual design of nicotinic desensitizers withreduced agonist activity.

FIG. 2 shows Scheme 1, which illustrates the synthesis of compounds5-16.

FIG. 3 shows Scheme 2, which illustrates the synthesis of compounds17-25.

FIG. 4 shows Scheme 3, which illustrates the synthesis of compounds28-32.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of acute administration of compound (S)-15(YL-1-127) on alcohol intake in P-rats. Alcohol intake (g/kg) wasmeasured at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hr after an injection of (S)-15. All valuesare expressed as mean±SEM (n=18).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

-   -   One aspect of the present invention relates to a compound        represented by the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein, independently for each occurrence,

R₁ is alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or haloalkyl;

R₂ is H or halogen;

R₃ is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, nitro,amino, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aralkyl,heteroaralkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, carboxy, carboxyalkyl,—CH₂—NH—C(O)—R₆, —CH₂—CH₂—C(O)—O-alkyl or —NH—C(O)-alkyl;

R₆ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, N(R₇)(R₈);

R₇ is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;

R₈ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl; and

A is selected from the group consisting of

wherein,

-   -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3,4, or 5    -   n is 1, 2 or 3,    -   p and q are independently 1 or 2;    -   R₁₁ is H, alkyl or alkenyl;    -   R₁₂ is alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxy,        hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, —O—C(O)-alkyl, or —O-methanesulfonyl;    -   wherein, if present, each substituent is independently alkyl,        alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl,        heteroaryl, cyano, nitro, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,        halogen, or hydroxy; and        wherein the absolute stereochemistry at a stereogenic center may        be R or S or a mixture thereof; and the stereochemistry of a        double bond may be E or Z or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is alkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ is methyl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is hydroxyalkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydroxymethyl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is haloalkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ isfluoromethyl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is alkoxyalkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ ismethoxymethyl.

In certain embodiments, R₂ is H.

In another embodiment, R₂ is halogen. In other embodiments, R₂ is F orCl.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is halogen. In other embodiments, R₃ is Br,Cl, or F.

In another embodiment, R₃ is —N(R₄)(R₅), wherein R₄ and R₅ areindependently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl or heteroaralkyl.

In another embodiment, R₃ is

wherein z is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In yet another embodiment, R₃ is —C(O)—R₆, where R₆ is H, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl,N(R₇)(R₈), wherein R₇ is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and R₈is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl.

In certain other embodiments, R₃ is —OR₉, wherein R₉ is alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl or —CON(R₄)(R₅), wherein R₄ and R₅are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl.

In another embodiment, R₃ is substituted or unsubstituted benzyl,phenyl, naphthyl, or biphenyl.

In yet another embodiment, R₃ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Inother embodiments, R₃ is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.

In another embodiment, R₃ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.

In other embodiments, R₃ is

wherein R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy,halogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl and heteroaralkyl; wherein each substituent isindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cyano,nitro, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen and hydroxy.

In certain other embodiments, R₃ is selected from the group consistingof

In certain embodiments, A is

In other embodiments, A is

In another embodiment, A is

In yet another embodiment, A is

In another embodiment, A is

In another embodiment, A is

In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is H; and m is 0.

In other embodiments, n is 1.

In certain other embodiments, n is 2.

In certain embodiments, R₁₁ is H; m is 0; and n is 1. In otherembodiments, R₁₁ is H;

m is 0; and n is 2.

In another embodiment, R₁ is alkyl; R₂ is H; R₃ is substituted orunsubstituted alkynyl; and A is

In yet another embodiment, R₁ is methyl; R₂ is H; R₃ is

wherein R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy,halogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl and heteroaralkyl; wherein each substituent isindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cyano,nitro, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen and hydroxy; and Ais

In certain embodiments, R₁ is methyl; R₂ is H; R₃ is selected from thegroup consisting of

and A is

In another embodiment, R₁₁ is H; m is 0; and n is 1. In yet anotherembodiment, R₁₁ is H; m is 0; and n is 2.

In one embodiment, the compound has an IC₅₀ less than 1 μM in an assaybased on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In another embodiment, the compound has an IC₅₀ less than 100 nM in anassay based on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In yet another embodiment, the compound has an IC₅₀ less than 10 nM inan assay based on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In another embodiment, the compound has an IC₅₀ less than 1 nM in anassay based on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In one embodiment, the compound has an EC₅₀ less than 1 μM in an assaybased on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In another embodiment, the compound has an EC₅₀ less than 100 nM in anassay based on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In yet another embodiment, the compound has an EC₅₀ less than 10 nM inan assay based on a mammalian nicotinic ACh receptor.

In certain embodiments, the compound is a single stereoisomer.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition, comprising any one of the aforementioned compounds; and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated asan oral dosage form. In certain embodiments, the oral dosage form is atablet, pill, or capsule.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to method ofmodulating a nicotinic ACh receptor, comprising administering to amammal in need thereof an effective amount of any one of theaforementioned compounds.

In certain embodiments, the mammal is a primate, equine, canine, orfeline. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human.

In certain embodiments, the compound is administered orally. In otherembodiments, the compound is administered intravenously. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered sublingually. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered ocularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered transdermally. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered rectally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered vaginally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered topically. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered intramuscularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered subcutaneously. In certainembodiments, the compound is administered buccally. In certain otherembodiments, the compound is administered nasally.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treatingAlzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias, Tourette'ssyndrome, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, anxiety, pain,depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, chemical substance abuse,alcoholism, memory deficit, pseudodementia, Ganser's syndrome, migrainepain, bulimia, obesity, premenstrual syndrome or late luteal phasesyndrome, tobacco abuse, post-traumatic syndrome, social phobia, chronicfatigue syndrome, premature ejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexianervosa, disorders of sleep, autism, mutism or trichotillomania,comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of any one of the aforementioned compounds.

In certain embodiments, the mammal is a primate, equine, canine, orfeline. In certain other embodiments, the mammal is a human.

In certain embodiments, the compound is administered orally. In otherembodiments, the compound is administered intravenously. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered sublingually. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered ocularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered transdermally. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered rectally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered vaginally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered topically. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered intramuscularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered subcutaneously. In certainembodiments, the compound is administered buccally. In certain otherembodiments, the compound is administered nasally.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of treatinghypothermia comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of any one of the aforementionedcompounds.

In certain embodiments, the mammal is a primate, equine, canine, orfeline. In certain other embodiments, the mammal is a human.

In certain embodiments, the compound is administered orally. In otherembodiments, the compound is administered intravenously. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered sublingually. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered ocularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered transdermally. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered rectally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered vaginally. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered topically. In yet anotherembodiment, the compound is administered intramuscularly. In anotherembodiment, the compound is administered subcutaneously. In certainembodiments, the compound is administered buccally. In certain otherembodiments, the compound is administered nasally.

DEFINITIONS

For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples,and appended claims are collected here.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to morethan one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more thanone element.

The term “ED₅₀” means the dose of a drug which produces 50% of itsmaximum response or effect. Alternatively, the dose which produces apre-determined response in 50% of test subjects or preparations.

The term “LD₅₀” means the dose of a drug which is lethal in 50% of testsubjects.

The term “therapeutic index” refers to the therapeutic index of a drugdefined as LD₅₀/ED₅₀.

The term “structure-activity relationship (SAR)” refers to the way inwhich altering the molecular structure of drugs alters their interactionwith a receptor, enzyme, etc.

The term “agonist” refers to a compound that mimics the action ofnatural transmitter or, when the natural transmitter is not known,causes changes at the receptor complex in the absence of other receptorligands.

The term “antagonist” refers to a compound that binds to a receptorsite, but does not cause any physiological changes unless anotherreceptor ligand is present.

The term “inverse agonist” refers to a compound that binds to aconstitutively active receptor site and reduces its physiologicalfunction.

The term “competitive antagonist” refers to a compound that binds to areceptor site; its effects can be overcome by increased concentration ofthe agonist.

The term “partial agonist” refers to a compound that binds to a receptorsite but does not produce the maximal effect regardless of itsconcentration.

The term “ligand” refers to a compound that binds at the receptor site.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element otherthan carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are boron, nitrogen,oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium.

The term “alkyl” refers to the radical of saturated aliphatic groups,including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups,cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, andcycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In preferred embodiments, astraight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms inits backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chain, C₃-C₃₀ for branchedchain), and more preferably 20 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkylshave from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferablyhave 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl” asused herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from oneto ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon atoms in itsbackbone structure. Likewise, “lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl” havesimilar chain lengths. Preferred alkyl groups are lower alkyls. Inpreferred embodiments, a substituent designated herein as alkyl is alower alkyl.

The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substitutedwith an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromatic group).

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphatic groupsanalogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls describedabove, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

The term “aryl” as used herein includes 5-, 6- and 7-memberedsingle-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to fourheteroatoms, for example, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene,pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole,pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also bereferred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics.” The aromaticring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with suchsubstituents as described above, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl,aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro,sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl,silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester,heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or thelike. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having twoor more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to twoadjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one ofthe rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls,cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls.

The terms ortho, meta and para apply to 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-disubstitutedbenzenes, respectively. For example, the names 1,2-dimethylbenzene andortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.

The terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic group” refer to 3- to10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings,whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles canalso be polycycles. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, azetidine,azepine, thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran, chromene,xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole,isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine,isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline,quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline,cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine,pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine,furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole,piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, lactones, lactams such asazetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones, and the like. Theheterocyclic ring can be substituted at one or more positions with suchsubstituents as described above, as for example, halogen, alkyl,aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro,sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl,silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, aheterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, —CF₃, —CN, or thelike.

The terms “polycyclyl” or “polycyclic group” refer to two or more rings(e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/orheterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoiningrings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Rings that are joined throughnon-adjacent atoms are termed “bridged” rings. Each of the rings of thepolycycle can be substituted with such substituents as described above,as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl,ketone, aldehyde, ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromaticmoiety, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

The term “carbocycle”, as used herein, refers to an aromatic ornon-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.

As used herein, the term “nitro” means —NO₂; the term “halogen”designates —F, —Cl, —Br or —I; the term “sulfhydryl” means —SH; the term“hydroxyl” means —OH; and the term “sulfonyl” means —SO₂—.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to bothunsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

wherein R₉, R₁₀ and R′₁₀ each independently represent a group permittedby the rules of valence.

The term “acylamino” is art-recognized and refers to a moiety that canbe represented by the general formula:

wherein R₉ is as defined above, and R′₁₁ represents a hydrogen, analkyl, an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, where m and R₈ are as defined above.

The term “amido” is art recognized as an amino-substituted carbonyl andincludes a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:

wherein R₉, R₁₀ are as defined above. Preferred embodiments of the amidewill not include imides which may be unstable.

The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, havinga sulfur radical attached thereto. In preferred embodiments, the“alkylthio” moiety is represented by one of —S-alkyl, —S-alkenyl,—S-alkynyl, and —S—(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, wherein m and R₈ are defined above.Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethyl thio, and thelike.

The term “carbonyl” is art recognized and includes such moieties as canbe represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R₁₁represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈ or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, R′₁₁ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl,an alkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₈, where m and R₈ are as defined above. WhereX is an oxygen and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula representsan “ester”. Where X is an oxygen, and R₁₁ is as defined above, themoiety is referred to herein as a carboxyl group, and particularly whenR₁₁ is a hydrogen, the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”. Where Xis an oxygen, and R′₁₁ is hydrogen, the formula represents a “formate”.In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced bysulfur, the formula represents a “thiolcarbonyl” group. Where X is asulfur and R₁₁ or R′₁₁ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a“thiolester.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the formularepresents a “thiolcarboxylic acid.” Where X is a sulfur and R₁₁′ ishydrogen, the formula represents a “thiolformate.” On the other hand,where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is not hydrogen, the above formula representsa “ketone” group. Where X is a bond, and R₁₁ is hydrogen, the aboveformula represents an “aldehyde” group.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” as used herein refers to an alkyl group,as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto.Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy,tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalentlylinked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl thatrenders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as can berepresented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(CH₂)_(m)—R₈,where m and R₈ are described above.

The abbreviations Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, Ms represent methyl, ethyl,phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl,p-toluenesulfonyl and methanesulfonyl, respectively. A morecomprehensive list of the abbreviations utilized by organic chemists ofordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume ofthe Journal of Organic Chemistry; this list is typically presented in atable entitled Standard List of Abbreviations. The abbreviationscontained in said list, and all abbreviations utilized by organicchemists of ordinary skill in the art are hereby incorporated byreference.

Analogous substitutions can be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groups toproduce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls, amidoalkenyls,amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls, thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls,carbonyl-substituted alkenyls or alkynyls.

As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m, n,etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to beindependent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.

It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includesthe implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance withpermitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and thatthe substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does notspontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement,cyclization, elimination, etc.

As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include,for example, those described herein above. The permissible substituentscan be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organiccompounds. For purposes of this invention, the heteroatoms such asnitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissiblesubstituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy thevalences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to belimited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organiccompounds.

The phrase “protecting group” as used herein means temporarysubstituents which protect a potentially reactive functional group fromundesired chemical transformations. Examples of such protecting groupsinclude esters of carboxylic acids, silyl ethers of alcohols, andacetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The field ofprotecting group chemistry has been reviewed (Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G.M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2^(nd) ed.; Wiley: New York,1991).

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particulargeometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplatesall such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- andS-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within thescope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may bepresent in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, aswell as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the presentinvention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, it maybe isolated using chiral chromatography methods, or by derivation with achiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture isseparated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desiredenantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery ofthe pure enantiomers.

Contemplated equivalents of the compounds described above includecompounds which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the samegeneral properties thereof (e.g., functioning as analgesics), whereinone or more simple variations of substituents are made which do notadversely affect the efficacy of the compound in binding to opioidreceptors. In general, the compounds of the present invention may beprepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as,for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readilyavailable starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesisprocedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use ofvariants which are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.

For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified inaccordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version,Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., 1986-87, inside cover.

Dosages

The dosage of any compositions of the present invention will varydepending on the symptoms, age and body weight of the patient, thenature and severity of the disorder to be treated or prevented, theroute of administration, and the form of the subject composition. Any ofthe subject formulations may be administered in a single dose or individed doses. Dosages for the compositions of the present invention maybe readily determined by techniques known to those of skill in the artor as taught herein.

In certain embodiments, the dosage of the subject compounds willgenerally be in the range of about 0.01 ng to about 10 g per kg bodyweight, specifically in the range of about 1 ng to about 0.1 g per kg,and more specifically in the range of about 100 ng to about 10 mg perkg.

An effective dose or amount, and any possible effects on the timing ofadministration of the formulation, may need to be identified for anyparticular composition of the present invention. This may beaccomplished by routine experiment as described herein, using one ormore groups of animals (preferably at least 5 animals per group), or inhuman trials if appropriate. The effectiveness of any subjectcomposition and method of treatment or prevention may be assessed byadministering the composition and assessing the effect of theadministration by measuring one or more applicable indices, andcomparing the post-treatment values of these indices to the values ofthe same indices prior to treatment.

The precise time of administration and amount of any particular subjectcomposition that will yield the most effective treatment in a givenpatient will depend upon the activity, pharmacokinetics, andbioavailability of a subject composition, physiological condition of thepatient (including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physicalcondition, responsiveness to a given dosage and type of medication),route of administration, and the like. The guidelines presented hereinmay be used to optimize the treatment, e.g., determining the optimumtime and/or amount of administration, which will require no more thanroutine experimentation consisting of monitoring the subject andadjusting the dosage and/or timing.

While the subject is being treated, the health of the patient may bemonitored by measuring one or more of the relevant indices atpredetermined times during the treatment period. Treatment, includingcomposition, amounts, times of administration and formulation, may beoptimized according to the results of such monitoring. The patient maybe periodically reevaluated to determine the extent of improvement bymeasuring the same parameters. Adjustments to the amount(s) of subjectcomposition administered and possibly to the time of administration maybe made based on these reevaluations.

Treatment may be initiated with smaller dosages which are less than theoptimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage may be increased bysmall increments until the optimum therapeutic effect is attained.

The use of the subject compositions may reduce the required dosage forany individual agent contained in the compositions because the onset andduration of effect of the different agents may be complimentary.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of subject compositions may bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD₅₀ and the ED₅₀.

The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies may beused in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage ofany subject composition lies preferably within a range of circulatingconcentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. Thedosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage formemployed and the route of administration utilized. For compositions ofthe present invention, the therapeutically effective dose may beestimated initially from cell culture assays.

Formulation

The compositions of the present invention may be administered by variousmeans, depending on their intended use, as is well known in the art. Forexample, if compositions of the present invention are to be administeredorally, they may be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules, powdersor syrups. Alternatively, formulations of the present invention may beadministered parenterally as injections (intravenous, intramuscular orsubcutaneous), drop infusion preparations or suppositories. Forapplication by the ophthalmic mucous membrane route, compositions of thepresent invention may be formulated as eye drops or eye ointments. Theseformulations may be prepared by conventional means, and, if desired, thecompositions may be mixed with any conventional additive, such as anexcipient, a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a corrigent, asolubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying agent or a coatingagent.

In formulations of the subject invention, wetting agents, emulsifiersand lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, aswell as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening,flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants may bepresent in the formulated agents.

Subject compositions may be suitable for oral, nasal, topical (includingbuccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, aerosol and/or parenteraladministration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unitdosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art ofpharmacy. The amount of composition that may be combined with a carriermaterial to produce a single dose vary depending upon the subject beingtreated, and the particular mode of administration.

Methods of preparing these formulations include the step of bringinginto association compositions of the present invention with the carrierand, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, theformulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation agents with liquid carriers, or finely divided solidcarriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form ofcapsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis,usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as asolution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as anoil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup,or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, orsucrose and acacia), each containing a predetermined amount of a subjectcomposition thereof as an active ingredient. Compositions of the presentinvention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary, or paste.

In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills,dragees, powders, granules and the like), the subject composition ismixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such assodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1)fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose,mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4)disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato ortapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate;(5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorptionaccelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents,such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8)absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such atalc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols,sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents.In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the compositions may alsocomprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may alsobe employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules usingsuch excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecularweight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared usingbinder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example,sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made bymolding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject compositionmoistened with an inert liquid diluent. Tablets, and other solid dosageforms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally bescored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatingsand other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups andelixirs. In addition to the subject composition, the liquid dosage formsmay contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, forexample, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers,such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethylacetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive,castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Suspensions, in addition to the subject composition, may containsuspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystallinecellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth,and mixtures thereof.

Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as asuppository, which may be prepared by mixing a subject composition withone or more suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising,for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or asalicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at bodytemperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release theactive agent. Formulations which are suitable for vaginal administrationalso include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprayformulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to beappropriate.

Dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject compositionincludes powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,solutions, patches and inhalants. The active component may be mixedunder sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, andwith any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to asubject composition, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats,oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives,polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zincoxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays may contain, in addition to a subject composition,excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide,calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such aschlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, suchas butane and propane.

Compositions of the present invention may alternatively be administeredby aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol,liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound. Anon-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used.Sonic nebulizers may be used because they minimize exposing the agent toshear, which may result in degradation of the compounds contained in thesubject compositions.

Ordinarily, an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueoussolution or suspension of a subject composition together withconventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers. Thecarriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particularsubject composition, but typically include non-ionic surfactants(Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins likeserum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids suchas glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aerosols generallyare prepared from isotonic solutions.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteraladministration comprise a subject composition in combination with one ormore pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueoussolutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powderswhich may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions ordispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers,bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with theblood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers which may beemployed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention includewater, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, suchas ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by theuse of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use ofsurfactants.

Kits

This invention also provides kits for conveniently and effectivelyimplementing the methods of this invention. Such kits comprise anysubject composition, and a means for facilitating compliance withmethods of this invention. Such kits provide a convenient and effectivemeans for assuring that the subject to be treated takes the appropriateactive in the correct dosage in the correct manner. The compliance meansof such kits includes any means which facilitates administering theactives according to a method of this invention. Such compliance meansinclude instructions, packaging, and dispensing means, and combinationsthereof. Kit components may be packaged for either manual or partiallyor wholly automated practice of the foregoing methods. In otherembodiments involving kits, this invention contemplates a kit includingcompositions of the present invention, and optionally instructions fortheir use.

EXEMPLIFICATION

The invention now being generally described, it will be more readilyunderstood by reference to the following examples which are includedmerely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodimentsof the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.

Example 1

Initially, we hypothesized that blocking the 2-position of the pyridinering of compound A in FIG. 1 with a CF₃ group would give a compound withincreased half-life in vivo, because we suspected that theelectronegativity of the oxygen atom and the pyridinyl nitrogen atomwould impart inherent reactivity for aromatic hydroxylation bymetabolizing enzymes at the 2-position. Therefore, we synthesizedcompound B (32 in Table 1). However, the electronegativity of the CF₃group caused a decrease in binding affinity to the target receptor(Table 1). This led us to synthesize compound C ((S)-15 in Table 1),which contains a methyl group in place of the CF₃ group. The methylsubstituent in the 2-position resulted in a compound with reasonablebinding affinity to α4β2 nAChRs, but overall reduced agonist activitytoward all nAChR subtypes tested.

During the course of our study, two synthetic papers publishedindependently by the Baran group and the MacMillan group showed thatinherent susceptibility for heteroaromatic hydroxylation could beinvestigated under oxidative conditions in the presence of atrifluoromethylating reagent. We subjected sazetidine-A to theconditions reported by the Baran group. As hypothesized,trifluoromethylation occurred at the 2-position of the pyridine ring,albeit in 10% yield, suggesting that this position is indeed inherentlysusceptible to P450-mediated oxidation. In all, we have discovered thatthe 2-position of sazetidine-A is inherently susceptible to oxidation,and replacement of the CF₃ group with a methyl group in this positionaffords a compound with reduced agonist activity at all nAChR subtypestested. Further in vivo characterizations showed that this resulted in acompound with reduced toxicity in a ferret model of emesis.

The analogs in this study were synthesized by an optimized three-stepprocedure as shown in Scheme 1 (FIG. 2). Each epimer of Boc-protected2-azetidinylmethanol or 2-pyrrolidinylmethanol was reacted with5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-ol via standard Mitsunobu coupling to givebromides 7 or 8. The alkynyl appendage was incorporated by Sonogashiracoupling in a sealed tube. The N-Boc protecting group was then removedby treatment with trifluoroacetic acid to afford the desired analogs15-23.

Analogs 21 and 22, which contain a terminal halogen substituent, weresynthesized as outlined in Scheme 2 (FIG. 3). The hydroxyl group ofcompound 17 was tosylated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in methylenechloride. The resulting product was the treated with potassium fluoridein the presence of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in dry THF to afford the fluoroalkane20. Compound 22 was obtained as the hydrochloride salt afterdeprotection of the N-Boc group by treatment with hydrogen chloride inmethanol. The chloroalkane analog 21 was originally afforded by a sidereaction during the tosylation step when compound 17 was treated withp-toluenesulfonyl chloride at room temperature. We have optimized thesynthesis of the chloroalkane analog by treating compound 17 withtriphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride in a sealed tube at 80° C.for 48 hours. Deprotection of the chlorinated product 19 wasaccomplished by treatment with hydrogen chloride in methanol to thehydrochloride salt of compound 21.

The trifluoromethyl-substituted analog 32 was synthesized as shown inScheme 3 (FIG. 4). The methyl aryl ether 28 was treated with hydrogenbromide in acetic acid at elevated temperatures to affordhydroxypyridine 29. Mitsunobu homologation of 29 with alcohol 1 thengave compound 30. 1-Hexyne was coupled to 30 by the Sonogashiraprocedure outlined in Scheme 1. However, for this substrate the reactionwas accomplished at lower temperature and shorter reaction time,presumably because of the electron-withdrawing properties of thetrifluoromethyl substituent assisting in the initial oxidative insertionof the palladium between the carbon and bromine atoms. It is importantto note that when the reaction was run at higher temperature and longerreaction time the yield was considerably lower. Deprotection of theN-Boc group was then accomplished by treatment with hydrogen chloride inmethanol to give compound 32 as the hydrogen chloride salt.

In Vitro Binding Affinities for nAChR Subtypes.

The binding affinities of the novel 2,5-disubstituted pyridinyl analogsfor the defined rat nAChR subtypes as well as for native nAChRs of ratforebrain were examined in binding competition studies against[³H]-epibatidine. For comparison, binding affinities of (−)-nicotine,varenicline and Sazetidine-A were obtained from parallel bindingexperiments. To determine selectivities of these compounds in bindingassays among the three predominant nAChR subtypes, α3β4, α4β2 and α7,the ratios of K_(i) values (α3β4/α4β2 and α7/α4β2) were determined.

As shown in Table 1, Sazetidine-A bound to α4β2 nAChRs with a very highaffinity K_(i)=0.062 nM), which was 31,000 and 11,000 times higher thanits affinities for α3β4, and α7 subtypes, respectively. It is also clearthat Sazetidine-A bound to each 132 containing nAChR subtype with a muchhigher affinity than to its 134 counterpart having the same α subunit.

As shown in Scheme 1, incorporation of a methyl group at 2-position ofSazetidine-A afforded (S)-17. The K_(i) value of this compound for α4β2nAChRs is 4.3 nM, showing a 70-fold reduction in binding affinity forthe subtype (Table 1). However, the binding affinity of (S)-12 for α4β2nAChRs is still higher than that of (−)-nicotine. More importantly,(S)-17 retained the excellent selectivity pattern of Sazetidine-A.Actually, it is slightly more selective than Sazetidine-A for α4β2nAChRs over α3β4 and α7 subtypes.

We synthesized four analogs of (S)-17. Replacing the hydroxyl group atthe terminus of the alkyl chain with a fluorine atom (22), or a chlorineatom (21), did not lead to significant changes of binding propertyprofiles (Scheme 2, Table 1). Similarly, removing the hydroxyl group((S)-15) or replacing the end of the side chain with a cyclopropyl ring((S)-27) resulted in little change in binding profiles (Scheme 1, Table1).

Interestingly, all closely related (S)-enantiomers, including (S)-15,(S)-27, 21 and 22, showed binding property profiles similar to that of(S)-17. In contrast, (R)-15 showed significantly lower bindingaffinities and reduced selectivities than those of (S)-15 (Table 1).Actually, among the new compounds in this study, all (R)-enantiomersshowed lower binding affinities and less selectivities than those oftheir (S)-enantiomers.

It is important to note that (S)-16, which has a five-membered ringpyrrolidine group, showed much lower affinities and selectivities thanthose of (S)-15, which has a four-member ring azetidinyl group (Scheme1, Table 1). (S)-16 still had nM binding affinity at α4β2 nAChRs andmaintained more than 1,000 fold selectivities for α4β2 receptors overα3β4 or α7 subtypes. Confirming the difference between (S)- and(R)-enantiomers, the (R)-enantiomer of 16 showed little bindingaffinities and selectivities.

Compound 32, which contains a trifluoromethyl group at the 2-position ofthe pyridine ring, showed little binding affinity to any of the nAChRsubtypes. This may indicate that reducing electron density in thepyridine ring and/or increasing bulk at the 2-position can lead to lowerbinding affinities.

TABLE 1 Comparison of Binding Affinities of Nicotine, Varenicline andSazetidine-A for nAChR Subtypes to Those of the3-Alkoxy-2,5-Substituted-Pyridyl Compounds K_(i) (nM)^(α) K_(i) RatioFore- α3β4/α4β α7/α4β Compound α2β2 α2β4 α3β2 α3β4 α4β2 α4β4 α7 brain 22

12 110 47 440 10 40 517 12 44 520

0.48 94 2.5 390 0.12 28 37 1.1 3,300 310

0.087 210 0.38 1,900 0.062 52 670 0.17 31,000 11,000

970 250,000 3,600 200,000 740 160,000 160,000 4,300 270 220

16 31,000 390 230,000 12 3,500 93,000 52 19,000 7,800

22,000 370,000 19,000 220,000 9,900 270,000 110,000 110,000 22 11

130 59,000 2,500 94,000 73 23,000 130,000 540 1,300 1,800

13 9,600 340 150,000 9.6 750 150,000 31 16,000 16,000

5.3 26,000 220 300,000 4.3 3,300 170,000 11 70,000 40,000

8.7 24,000 230 150,000 5.1 3,000 150,000 15 29,000 29,000

8.6 29,000 300 92,000 5.3 3,700 67,000 32 17,000 13,000

NT NT NT >100,000 >100,000 NT NT >100,000 — — ^(α)K_(i) values of thecompounds shown are the mean of 3 to 5 independent measurements (forclarity, SEM values were omitted).In Vitro Effects on nAChR Function.

Six new compounds showing high binding affinities for α4β2 nAChRs andhigh selectivities for this subtype over α3β4 and α7 receptors inbinding assays were chosen for functional studies (Table 1). Theiragonist activities were assessed by measuring stimulated ⁸⁶Rb⁺ effluxfrom stably transfected cells, either expressing human α4β2 nAChRs orrat α3β4 receptors. Their abilities to desensitize the two nAChRsubtypes were determined by measuring nicotine-stimulated ⁸⁶Rb⁺ effluxafter cells were pre-incubated with the test compounds for 10 min. Forcomparison, nicotine, varenicline and Sazetidine-A were included in theexperiments.

As expected, nicotine showed full agonist activities at both human α4β2and rat α3β4 nAChRs (Table 1). Consistent with previous reports,compared to those of (−)-nicotine, varenicline had 45% of efficacy instimulating efflux from cells expressing the α4β2 nAChRs and 90% ofefficacy from cells expressing the α3β4 nAChRs. Sazetidine-A showedslightly lower efficacy at the α4β2 nAChRs than that of varenicline. Incontrast, Sazetidine-A's agonist activity at the α3β4 nAChRs was muchlower than that of (−)-nicotine and varenicline. Consistent with thepurposes of developing this line of novel ligands, all 6 compoundstested show much lower agonist activities than those of Sazetidine-A atboth receptor subtypes. (S)-15, (S)-27 and (S)-17 had less than 20%agonist efficacy at the α4β2 nAChRs. (S)-16, (S)-22 and (S)-21 didn'tshow detectable agonist activity at the receptor subtype. All 6compounds showed no detectable agonist activity at the α3β4 nAChRs.

As expected, (−)-nicotine, varenicline and Sazetidine-A potently andselectively desensitize α4β2 nAChRs with IC_(50(10′)) values in nM range(Table 1). To our delight, (S)-15, (S)-27 and (S)-17, (S)-22 and (S)-21maintained the ability to selectively desensitize the α4β2 nAChRs. TheirIC_(50(10′)) values for desensitizing α4β2 nAChRs ranged from 51 nM for(S)-17 to 260 nM for (S)-21. In contrast, their IC_(50(10′)) values fordesensitizing α3β4 nAChRs were higher than 10,000 nM.

It is interesting that (S)-16 has lowest potency in desensitizing theα4β2 nAChRs among all compounds studied. Furthermore, the potency of(S)-16 to desensitize α4β2 nAChRs is only slightly higher than that todesensitize α3β4 nAChRs. This observation confirmed the importance ofthe four-member ring azetidinyl group in Sazetidine-A, (S)-15, (S)-27and (S)-17, (S)-22 and (S)-21 in selectively desensitizing the α4β2nAChRs.

TABLE 2 Comparison of Activation and Desensitization of nAChR Functionby Ligands α4β2 nAChRs^(a) α3β4 nAChRs^(a) EC₅₀ ^(b) E_(max) ^(c)IC_(50(10′)) ^(d) EC₅₀ E_(max) IC_(50(10′)) Compound (nM) (%) (nM) (nM)(%) (nM) (—)-Nicotine 2,400 100  370 23,000 100  >10,000 Varenicline 95045 94 22,000 90 >10,000 Sazetidine-A 24 40 12 24,000 17 >10,000 (S)-15310 15 180 ND ND >10,000 (S)-16 ND ND 1,600 ND ND 6,400 (S)-27 160 17110 ND ND >10,000 (S)-17 63 17 51 ND ND >10,000 (S)-22 ND ND 130 NDND >10,000 (S)-21 ND ND 260 ND ND >10,000 ^(a)Functional properties ofeach compounds were determined in using stable cell lines expressinghuman α4β2 or rat α3β4 nAChRs. ^(b)EC₅₀ values show potencies of agonistactivities. ^(c)E_(max) (%) values show relative efficacies of agonistactivities, which were normalized to the E_(max) value of nicotine.^(d)IC_(50(10′)) values show potencies of desensitizer activities.^(d)ND indicates no significant stimulated efflux was detected. Allvalues shown are means of 3 to 9 independent experiments (for clarity,SEM values have been omitted).

In Vivo Effects on Alcohol Intake in Rats.

In our initial behavioral studies in an animal model, effects ofcompound (S)-15 (Scheme 1, YL-1-127) on alcohol self-administration inalcohol preferring rats (P rats) were assessed. Three doses of (S)-15were tested: 0.33, 1 and 3 mg/kg (s.c.). Compared with control vehicle,(S)-15 significantly reduced alcohol intake in a dose dependent manner.At 0.33 mg/kg, the compound did not show a significant effect at anytime point. The medium dose of 1 mg/kg reduced alcohol intakesignificantly (p<0.05) at 24 h. At 3 mg/kg, the compound had significanteffects at both 6 (p<0.05) and 24 h (p<0.0005) on alcohol intake (FIG.5).

Emetic Effects of Compound (S)-15 (YL-1-127) in Ferrets.

Effects of (S)-15 in causing nausea and emesis were assessed in a ferretmodel. For comparison, varenicline was also tested. In all animalstested (n=6), administration of (S)-15 (1-30 mg/kg; s.c.) did not elicitany emetic episodes or stereotypical behaviors that are indicative ofnausea. In general, all animals remained alert and active with periodsof inactivity that mirrored their baseline behavior within the 1 hrobservation period.

In five ferrets, varenicline (0.5 mg/kg; s.c.) was administered toassess its effects on emesis or stereotypical behaviors associated withnausea. Whereas no emetic episodes were observed, drug induced nausea asevident by gagging (retching; mean # of episodes 2.80+1.63) were evidentfollowing the varenicline administration in the majority of the animals(n=4/5) tested. In one animal, this behavior was accompanied by oralstereotypy (licking), whereas in two animals it was interspersed byepisodes of backward walking. On the average, these behaviors manifestedaround ˜2.20 min. In general, the locomotor behavior of these animalswas noticeably reduced at ˜1.05 min post-injection and remained so forthe duration of the observation period (˜1 hr). Occasionally, whenanimals tried to ambulate they would immediately cease their movementafter each attempt. This would be followed by a momentary increase inbreathing, giving the impression that the animal was in distress.

Example 2 Design and Synthesis of Compounds

The compounds of the invention may be prepared by any conventionalmethod useful for the preparation of analogous compounds and asdescribed in the examples below.

Starting materials for the processes described in the present patentapplication are known or can be prepared by known processes fromcommercially available materials.

A compound of the invention can be converted to another compound of theinvention using conventional methods.

The products of the reactions described herein are isolated byconventional means such as extraction, crystallization, distillation,chromatography, and the like.

Examples of the nicotinic ACh receptor ligands of the present inventionmay be prepared by the general methods described in the Schemeshereinafter.

General Chemistry Methods.

All solvents and reagents were used as obtained from commercial sourcesunless otherwise indicated. All starting materials were also obtainedfrom commercial source. All reactions were performed under nitrogenatmosphere unless otherwise noted. Organic phases were washed withwater, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at 40° C. underreduced pressure (standard work up). ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra wererecorded on a Varian-400 spectrometer operating at 400 MHz for ¹H and100 MHz for ¹³C. Deuterated chloroform (99.8% D) was used as solvents.¹H Chemical shifts value (6), from tetramethylsilane as internalstandard. ¹³C chemical shifts (δ) are referenced to CDCl₃ (central peak,δ=77.00 ppm) as the internal standard. Optical rotation was detected onADP220 Automatic polarimeter from Bellingham & Stanley Limited. Massspectra were measured in positive mode electrospray ionization (ESI).The HRMS data were obtained on a Waters Q-TOF Premier mass spectrometer.TLC was performed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plastic sheets; columnchromatography was performed using silica gel (35-75 mesh). Combustionanalyses were performed by Atlantic Microlabs, Inc. Norcross, Ga.

General Procedure for the Mitsunobu Reaction.

To a mixture of the N-Boc protected alcohol (1.0 equiv), the5-halogen-3-pyridinol (1.0 equiv), and Ph₃P (1.3 equiv) in anhydrous THF(0.1M) was added DEAD (1.3 equiv) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogenatmosphere. After stirring for 2 days at room temperature, the solventwas removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel using a gradient of hexane-ethyl acetate(10:1 to 5:1) as the eluent to give the product in 68%-90% yield.

General Procedure (Method A) for the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction.

A mixture of the Mitsunobu adduct (1 equiv), 1-hexyne (4 equiv),Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.05 equiv), CuI (0.1 equiv), PPh₃ (0.1 equiv) inEt₃N/DMSO (10:1, 0.12 M) was stirred overnight at room temperature undera nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was taken up in ethylacetate, and the organic phase was washed with water, brine, and thendried over Na₂SO₄. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure,and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gelusing a gradient of CH₂Cl₂-ethyl acetate (16:1 to 10:1) as the eluent togive the product in 88-98% yield.

General Procedure (Method B) for the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction.

A mixture of the Mitsunobu adduct (1 equiv), 1-hexyne (in the synthesisof compound 24, ethynylcyclopropane was used; in the synthesis of 17,5-hexyn-1-ol was used) (4 equiv), Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.05 equiv), CuI (0.1equiv), PPh₃ (0.1 equiv) in Et₃N/DMSO (10:1, 0.12 M) was heated to 95°C. under a nitrogen atmosphere in a sealed tube for 60 h. The cooledreaction mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate, and the organic phasewas washed with water, brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The extractwas concentrated under a reduced pressure, and the residue was purifiedby column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of CH₂Cl₂-ethylacetate (16:1 to 10:1) as the eluent to give the product in 88-98%yield.

General Procedure (Method C) for Deprotection of the N-Boc Group.

To a stirred solution of the Sonogashira adduct (1 equiv) indichloromethane (0.1M) was added trifluoroacetic acid (32 equiv)dropwise at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture wasstirred for 3 h at room temperature. The solvent and excess TFA was thenremoved under reduced pressure. To the residue was added 2-3 mL ofmethanol was added followed by dropwise addition of 10% aqueous NaOHsolution at 0° C. until the pH of the mixture was 9-10. After themixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, the solution wastaken up in dichloromethane, and the organic phase was washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄. The extract was concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silicagel using a gradient of CH₂Cl₂-methanol (20:1 to 10:1) as the eluent togive the product in 75-83% yield.

General Procedure (Method D) for Deprotection of the N-Boc Group.

To Boc protected compound (1 mmol), the solution of 2 M HCl in Methanol(10 mL) was added at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours.The reaction mixture was concentrated under a reduced pressure, and theresidue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using agradient of CH₂Cl₂-Methanol (10:1 to 5:1) as the eluent to give theproduct as white solid in 73-92% yield.

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-iodopyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((S)-5)

Yield: 86% (white solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.43 (d, 1H, J=1.2Hz), 8.30 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 7.61 (dd, 1H, J=2.4, 1.6 Hz), 4.50 (m, 1H),4.32 (m, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (m, 2H), 2.31 (m, 2H), 1.43(s, 9H).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-iodopyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((R)-5)

Yield: 90% (white solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.30(s, 1H), 7.60 (br s, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=10,2.8 Hz), 3.88 (m, 2H), 2.31 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-iodopyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((S)-6)

Yield: 87% (white solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.26(s, 1H), 7.56 (br s, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 0.5H), 3.84 (m, 0.5H),3.36 (m, 2H), 1.94 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-iodopyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((R)-6)

Yield:

84% (white solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s,1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 0.5H), 3.84 (m, 0.5H), 3.36(m, 2H), 1.94 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-Bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((S)-7)

Yield: 69% (light red solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.15 (s, 1H),7.26 (s, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 3.90 (m, 2H),2.45 (s, 3H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((R)-7)

Yield: 77% (light red solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.16 (s, 1H),7.26 (s, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H),2.45 (s, 3H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((S)-8)

Yield: 68% (light red solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.13 (s, 1H),7.26 (br s, 1H), 4.15 (m, 2H), 4.00 (m, 0.5H), 3.85 (m, 0.5H), 3.41 (m,2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.96 (m, 4H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-bromo-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((R)-8)

Yield: 70% (light red solid). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.12 (s, 1H),7.26 (br s, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 0.5H), 3.84 (m, 0.5H), 3.41 (m,2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.95 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((S)-9)

Method A was used. Yield: 93% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.25 (br s, 2H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 4.12(dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz),2.30 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.95 (t, 3H,J=7.2 Hz).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((R)-9)

Method A was used. Yield: 90% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.25 (br s, 2H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.12(dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz),2.30 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.95 (t, 3H,J=7.6 Hz).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((S)-10)

Method A was used. Yield: 93% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.26 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.01 (m, 0.5H), 3.84(m, 0.5H), 3.39 (m, 2H), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.95 (br m, 4H), 1.60(m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 11H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.6 Hz).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((R)-10)

Method A was used. Yield: 98% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.26 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.01 (m, 0.5H), 3.84(m, 0.5H), 3.39 (m, 2H), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.95 (br m, 4H), 1.60(m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 11H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.6 Hz).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((S)-11)

Method B was used. Yield: 95% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.12 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 7.10 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.52 (m, 1H),4.32 (m, 1H), 4.05 (dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.90 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H),2.41 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.33 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.41(s, 9H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate((R)-11)

Method B was used. Yield: 93% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.10 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 7.09 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.50 (m, 1H),4.30 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.89 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H),2.39 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.31 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.39(s, 9H), 0.94 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((S)-12)

Method B was used. Yield: 98% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.11 (br s, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.00 (m, 0.5H),3.83 (m, 0.5H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.41 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.96(m, 4H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 11H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).

(R)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate((R)-12)

Method B was used. Yield: 92% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.10 (br s, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 0.5H),3.82 (m, 0.5H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.40 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.95(m, 4H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 11H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridine ((S)-13)

Yield: 84% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.18 (s, 1H),8.17 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 2H), 3.66 (m, 1H),3.42 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 4H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H),0.91 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 154.3, 144.7, 136.9,123.1, 121.2, 93.8, 77.1, 72.7, 56.9, 44.1, 30.5, 23.9, 21.9, 19.0,13.5. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₅H₂₀N₂O (M+H)⁺ 245.1654. found245.1680; [α]_(D) ²⁴=−3.2 (c=1.04, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcd forC₁₅H₂₀N₂O.0.75H₂O: C, 69.87; H, 8.40; N, 10.86. Found: C, 70.13; H,8.12; N, 10.58.

(R)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)pyridine ((R)-13)

Yield: 68% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.21 (s, 1H),8.19 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.72 (m, 1H),3.50 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 3H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.46 (m, 2H),0.93 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 154.2, 144.7, 136.9,123.1, 121.2, 93.8, 77.0, 72.0, 57.0, 43.9, 30.4, 23.5, 21.9, 19.0,13.5. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₅H₂₀N₂O (M+H)⁺ 245.1654. found245.1673; [α]_(D) ²³=+10.58 (c=1.26, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcd forC₁₅H₂₀N₂O.0.625H₂O: C, 70.49; H, 8.38; N, 10.96. Found: C, 70.66; H,8.33; N, 10.62.

(S)-3-(hex-1-ynyl)-5-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)pyridine ((S)-14)

Yield: 69% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.15 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 8.13 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=2.8, 1.6 Hz), 3.87(m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.28 (br s, 1H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, 3H, J=7.2Hz), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 2H), 1.53 (m, 3H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t,3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 154.2, 144.6, 136.8, 123.0,121.2, 93.7, 77.1, 71.3, 57.0, 46.4, 30.4, 27.8, 25.1, 21.8, 19.0, 13.4.HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O (M+H)⁺ 259.1810. found 259.1828;[α]_(D) ²⁵=−4.27 (c=0.78, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O.0.75H₂O: C,70.68; H, 8.71; N, 10.30. Found: C, 70.59; H, 8.22; N, 10.14.

(R)-3-(hex-1-ynyl)-5-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)pyridine ((R)-14)

Yield: 61% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.20 (s, 1H),8.19 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 3H),2.40 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 3H), 1.47(m, 2H), 0.94 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 154.3,144.7, 137.0, 123.1, 121.3, 93.8, 77.2, 71.5, 57.0, 46.4, 30.6, 27.9,25.3, 22.0, 19.1, 13.6. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O (M+H)⁺259.1810. found 259.1824; [α]_(D) ²⁴=+5.95 (c=0.56, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcdfor C₁₆H₂₂N₂O.0.5H₂O: C, 71.88; H, 8.67; N, 10.48. Found: C, 71.77; H,8.61; N, 10.29.

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridine ((S)-15)(YL-1-127)

Yield: 83% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.08 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.04 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 4.25 (m, 1H), 3.96 (m, 2H), 3.67 (m,1H), 3.47 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.38 (m, 4H), 2.23 (m, 1H), 1.57 (m,2H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ152.3, 148.0, 143.1, 119.7, 118.8, 92.7, 77.4, 72.4, 57.1, 44.3, 30.6,23.9, 22.0, 19.2, 19.1, 13.5. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O (M+H)⁺259.1810. found 259.1813; [α]_(D) ²⁴=−4.3 (c=0.77, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcdfor C₁₆H₂₂N₂O.0.625H₂O: C, 71.28; H, 8.69; N, 10.39. Found: C, 71.59; H,8.56; N, 10.06.

(R)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridine ((R)-15)(YL-1-171)

Yield: 75% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.07 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.04 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 4.24 (m, 1H), 3.94 (m, 2H), 3.66 (m,1H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.36 (m, 3H), 2.24 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m,2H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ152.3, 148.0, 143.1, 119.7, 118.8, 92.7, 77.4, 72.5, 57.1, 44.3, 30.6,24.0, 22.0, 19.2, 19.0, 13.5. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O (M+H)⁺259.1810. found 259.1816; [α]_(D) ²⁵=+10.8 (c=0.62, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcdfor C₁₆H₂₂N₂O.0.375H₂O: C, 72.49; H, 8.65; N, 10.57. Found: C, 72.72; H,8.67; N, 10.43.

(S)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)pyridine. ((S)-16)(YL-1-169)

Yield: 80% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.07 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 2.98 (m,2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.38 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.11 (br s, 1H), 1.93 (m,1H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 3H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 152.3, 147.8, 143.0, 119.6, 118.8, 92.6,77.5, 71.6, 57.0, 46.7, 30.6, 28.0, 25.4, 22.0, 19.3, 19.0, 13.5. HRMS(ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₇H₂₄N₂O (M+H)⁺ 273.1967. found 273.1964; [α]_(D)²⁵=+6.4 (c=1.05, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcd for C₁₇H₂₄N₂O.0.375H₂O: C, 73.15;H, 8.94; N, 10.04. Found: C, 73.29; H, 8.83; N, 9.99.

(R)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy) pyridine.((R)-16)(YL-1-117)

Yield: 83% (light red oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.06 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 2.97 (m,2H), 2.66 (br s, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.37 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.93 (m,1H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 3H), 1.44 (m, 2H), 0.91 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 152.2, 147.8, 143.0, 119.6, 118.8, 92.6,77.4, 71.4, 57.0, 46.6, 30.6, 27.9, 25.3, 21.9, 19.2, 19.0, 13.5. HRMS(ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₇H₂₄N₂O (M+H)⁺ 273.1967. found 273.1960; [α]_(D)²⁴=−4.4 (c=0.85, CHCl₃). Anal. Calcd for C₁₇H₂₄N₂O.0.75H₂O: C, 71.42; H,8.99; N, 9.80. Found: C, 71.58; H, 8.80; N, 9.51.

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(6-hydroxyhex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(17)

A mixture of (S)-7 (357 mg, 1 mmol), 5-Hexyn-1-ol (294 mg, 3 mmol),Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (35 mg, 0.05 mmol), CuI (19 mg, 0.1 mmol), PPh₃ (26 mg, 0.1mmol) in Et₃N (10 mL) was heated to reflux overnight under a nitrogenatmosphere. The cooled mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate, and theorganic phase was washed with water, brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄.The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient ofhexane-ethyl acetate (1:2) as the eluent to give the product 332 mg aslight yellow oil. Yield: 89%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.04 (br s,1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, 1H, J=10, 2.0Hz), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.62 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 2.91 (br s, 1H), 2.41 (s,3H), 2.39 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 2.26 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.34 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-(2-methyl-5-(6-(tosyloxy)hex-1-ynyl)pyridine-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(18) and(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(6-chlorohex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(19)

To a stirred solution of 17 (374 mg, 1 mmol) in dry pyridine (3 mL) wasadded tosyl chloride (210 mg, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogenatmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at roomtemperature. The mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate, and the organicphase was washed with saturated aqueous CuSO₄ solution, brine, and thendried over Na₂SO₄. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure,and then residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gelusing a gradient of hexane-ethyl acetate (6:1 to 3:1) as the eluent togive the product (19) 133 mg as light yellow oil, Yield: 34%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.30 (d, 2H,J=8.0 Hz), 7.07 (s, 1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 4.06 (t, 2H, J=6.4Hz), 4.01 (dd, 1H, J=10.4, 2.4 Hz), 3.87 (m, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s,3H), 2.36 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 2.28 (m, 2H), 1.80 (m, 2H), 1.61 (m, 2H),1.37 (s, 9H).

And (18) 126 mg as light yellow oil, Yield: 24%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400MHz): δ 8.09 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 7.08 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.49 (m, 1H),4.30 (m, 1H), 4.02 (dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.57 (t, 2H,J=6.4 Hz), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.44 (t, 2H, J=6.8 Hz), 2.31 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m,2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(20)

A mixture of 18 (67 mg, 0.13 mmol), Kryptofix 2.2.2 (62 mg, 0.16 mmol),and KF (10 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) was heated to refluxovernight under a nitrogen atmosphere. The cooled reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel using a gradient of hexane-ethyl acetate(4:1) as the eluent to give the product 40 mg as light yellow oil,Yield: 85%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 4.56(t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.44 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 4.31 (m, 1H),4.05 (dd, 1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.90 (m, 2H), 2.48 (m, 5H), 2.33 (m, 2H),1.90 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(6-chlorohex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridine(21) (YL-1-235)

Yield: 53% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.09 (d, 1H,J=1.2 Hz), 7.06 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d,2H, J=4.8 Hz), 3.77 (br s, 1H), 3.58 (t, 2H, J=6.4 Hz), 2.44 (m, 6H),2.34 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m, 2H). HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd forC₁₆H₂₁ClN₂O (M+H)⁺ 293.1421. found 293.1430.

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(6-fluorohex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridine(22) (YL-1-231)

Yield: 56% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.09 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.05 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 4.54 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 4.43 (t, 1H,J=6.0 Hz), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 2.91(br s, 1H), 2.46 (t, 2H, J=6.4 Hz), 2.43 (m, 4H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m,1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 152.3,148.2, 143.2, 119.8, 118.6, 91.8, 83.5 (d, J=164.2 Hz), 78.0, 72.2,57.2, 44.2, 29.5 (d, J=19.7 Hz), 24.4 (d, J=4.9 Hz), 23.8, 19.3, 19.0.HPLC purity: HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₁FN₂O (M+H)⁺ 277.1716. found277.1714.

(S)-6-(5-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)hex-5-yn-1-ol (23)(YL-1-217)

Yield: 64% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.02 (d, 1H,J=1.6 Hz), 7.02 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 4.22 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.62 (m,3H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.04 (br s, 2H), 2.38 (m, 6H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.64 (m,4H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 152.2, 147.9, 142.8, 119.8, 118.8,92.4, 77.6, 72.0, 61.6, 57.0, 44.0, 31.8, 24.9, 23.7, 19.1, 19.0. HRMS(ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺ 275.1760. found 275.1761.

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(24)

Yield: 97% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.09 (d, 1H,J=1.2 Hz), 7.08 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 4.03 (dd,1H, J=10, 2.8 Hz), 3.89 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.32 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m,1H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 0.87 (m, 2H), 0.80 (m, 2H).

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-methylpyridine(25) (YL-1-199)

Yield: 82% (light yellow oil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.02 (s, 1H),6.99 (s, 1H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.46 (m, 1H),3.06 (br s, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 1.38 (m, 1H),0.80 (m, 1H), 0.75 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 152.2, 148.0,143.2, 119.8, 118.7, 95.7, 72.7, 72.1, 57.1, 44.2, 23.8, 19.3, 8.6, 0.1.HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₅H₁₈N₂O (M+H)⁺ 243.1497. found 243.1509.

5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ol (29)

A solution of 5-bromo-3-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (28) (0.87g, 3.4 mmol) in a mixture of acetic acid (6 mL) and 33% HBr in aceticacid (12 mL) was stirred at 110° C. in a sealed tube overnight. ThenPotassium Sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (7.8 g) was added slowly under 0°C. The mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate after 10 minutes stirring,the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄. The extractwas concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bycolumn chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of Hexane-Ethylacetate (1:2) as the eluent to give the product (29) 0.65 g as graysolid, Yield: 79%. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s,1H). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 376 MHz): −68.0.

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate(30)

General Procedure for the Mitsunobu Reaction was used. Yield: 88% (brownoil). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 4.55 (m,2H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

(S)-tert-butyl-2-((5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate (31)

A mixture of compound (30) (290 mg, 0.7 mmol), 1-Hexyne (0.3 mL, 2.8mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (25 mg, 0.036 mmol), CuI (13.5 mg, 0.071 mmol), PPh₃(18.6 mg, 0.071 mmol) in Et₃N/DMSO (5 mL/0.5 mL) was heated to 50° C.under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The cooled reaction mixture wastaken up in ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was washed with water,brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The extract was concentrated under areduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel using a gradient of CH₂Cl₂-ethyl acetate (50:1 to 20:1) asthe eluent to give the product 265 mg as yellow oil, Yield: 91%. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 4.52 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m,1H), 3.89 (m, 2H), 2.44 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.36 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H),1.48 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 0.96 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz).

(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridinehydrochloride (32)

Method D was used. Yield: 73% (white solid). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ8.25 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 4.81 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.02 (m, 2H),2.72 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.51 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.63 (m, 2H), 1.52(m, 2H), 0.98 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz). ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz): δ 153.8,144.3, 135.5 (q, J=34 Hz), 127.4, 125.2, 123.1 (q, J=272 Hz), 98.3,77.1, 69.9, 59.7, 44.7, 31.6, 23.0, 22.1, 19.8, 13.9. ¹⁹F NMR (CD₃OD,376 MHz): −67.3. HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C₁₆H₁₉F₃N₂O (M+H)⁺ 313.1528.found 313.1525. [α]_(D) ²⁵=−3.9 (c=0.86, MeOH). Anal. Calcd forC₁₆H₁₉F₃N₂O.HCl: C, 55.10; H, 5.78; N, 8.03.

Found: C, 55.49; H, 5.65; N, 7.87.

Example 3 Cell Lines and Cell Culture

The cell lines expressing defined rat nAChR subtypes were establishedpreviously by stably transfecting HEK 293 cells with rat nAChR subunitgenes. The cell line expressing human α4β2 nAChRs, YXα4β2H1, wasestablished recently. These cell lines were maintained in minimumessential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100units/mL penicillin G, 100 mg/mL streptomycin and selective antibioticsat 37° C. with 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator. Fetal bovine serum wasprovided by Gemini Bio-Products (Woodland, Calif.). Tissue culturemedium and antibiotics were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation(Carlsbad, Calif.), unless otherwise stated.

[³H]-Epibatidine Radioligand Binding Assay.

Briefly, cultured cells at >80% confluence were removed from theirflasks (80 cm²) with a disposable cell scraper and placed in 10 mL of 50mM Tris.HCl buffer (pH 7.4, 4° C.). The cell suspension was centrifugedat 10,000×g for 5 min and the pellet was collected. The cell pellet wasthen homogenized in 10 mL buffer with a polytron homogenizer andcentrifuged at 36,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The membrane pellet wasresuspended in fresh buffer, and aliquots of the membrane preparationwere used for binding assays. The concentration of [³H]-epibatidine usedwas ˜500 pM for competition binding assays. Nonspecific binding wasassessed in parallel incubations in the presence of 300 μM nicotine.Bound and free ligands were separated by vacuum filtration throughWhatman GF/C filters treated with 0.5% polyethylenimine. Thefilter-retained radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillationcounting. Specific binding was defined as the difference between totalbinding and nonspecific binding. Data from competition binding assayswere analyzed using Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, Calif.). TheK_(d) values for [³H]-epibatidine used for calculating K_(i) values ofnAChR subtypes were 0.02 nM for α2β2, 0.08 nM for α2β4, 0.03 nM forα3β2, 0.3 nM for α3β4, 0.04 nM for α4β2, 0.09 nM for α4β4, 1.8 nM for α7and 0.05 for rat forebrain.

⁸⁶Rb⁺ Efflux Assay.

Functional properties of compounds at nAChRs expressed in thetransfected cells were measured using ⁸⁶Rb⁺ efflux assays as describedpreviously. In brief, cells expressing human α4β2 or rat α3β4 nAChRswere plated into 24-well plates coated with poly-D-lysine. The platedcells were grown at 37° C. for 18 to 24 hour to reach 85-95% confluence.The cells were then incubated in growth medium (0.5 mL/well) containing⁸⁶Rb⁺ (2 μCi/mL) for 4 hour at 37° C. The loading mixture was thenaspirated, and the cells were washed four times with 1 mL buffer (15 mMHEPES, 140 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO₄, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 11 mM Glucose,pH 7.4). One mL of buffer with or without compounds to be tested wasthen added to each well. After incubation for 2 min, the assay bufferwas collected for measurements of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ released from the cells. Cellswere then lysed by adding 1 mL of 100 mM NaOH to each well, and thelysate was collected for determination of the amount of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ that wasin the cells at the end of the efflux assay. Radioactivity of assaysamples and lysates was measured by liquid scintillation counting. Totalloading (cpm) was calculated as the sum of the assay sample and thelysate of each well. The amount of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ efflux was expressed as apercentage of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ loaded. Stimulated ⁸⁶Rb⁺ efflux was defined as thedifference between efflux in the presence and absence of nicotine. Forobtaining EC₅₀ and E_(max) values, stimulation curves were constructedin which 8 different concentrations of a ligand were included in theassay. For obtaining an IC_(50(10′)) value, inhibition curves wereconstructed in which 8 different concentrations of a compound wereapplied to cells for 10 min before 100 μM nicotine was applied tomeasure stimulated efflux. EC₅₀, E_(max) and IC_(50(10′)) values weredetermined by nonlinear least-squares regression analyses (GraphPad, SanDiego, Calif.).

General Procedures for Effect on Alcohol Intake in Rats.

Adult male rats obtained from a colony of selectively-bred alcoholpreferring rats (P rats) maintained at Indiana University School ofMedicine. Rats were housed in cages that were fitted with two 100 mLRichter tubes for the recording of water and alcohol intake. Animalswere kept under a constant room temperature of 22±1° C. and 12:12light-dark cycle (7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m. dark). Animals were fed 5001Rodent Chow (Lab Diet, Brentwood, Mo., USA). All procedures wereapproved by the IACUC at Duke University Medical Center.

After a week of handling and habituation, rats were given free access towater in a graduated Richter tube for 1 day. Next, they were given freeaccess only to a solution of 10% (v/v) alcohol for 3 consecutive days.Thereafter, rats were given free access to water and a solution ofalcohol throughout the study. Water and alcohol intake were indexed bygraduated Richter drinking tubes.

An acute study was conducted to determine a dose-response for compound(S)-15 (YL-1-127). After the establishment of a stable baseline foralcohol and water intake rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.33, 1and 3 mg/kg of YL-1-127 or the same volume of the vehicle (1 mg/kg).Alcohol and water intake were measured at, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hr after thedrug administration. The preference for alcohol solution, [(alcoholvolume)/(alcohol+water volume)×100], was calculated for the same timepoints as alcohol and water intake. All animals (n=18) received alltreatments following a crossover design with random assignment. Theinterval between injections was at least 3 days.

Solution of 10% (v/v) alcohol was prepared twice weekly from a solutionof 200% ethanol mixed with tap water. Solutions of YL-1-127 was preparedweekly in 100 mM HCl solution and isotonic saline and was injectedsubcutaneously in a volume of 1 mL/kg.

The data were assessed by the analysis of variance with a betweensubjects factor of strain and a repeated measures factor of YL-1-127dose. Significance was determined at p

<0.05.

General Procedures for Emesis Studies in Ferrets.

Studies were undertaken in male ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) weighing0.9-1.5 kg (Marshall Farms, N.Y.). They were housed in controlledconditions of room temperature (22° C.) and light (12:12 h light-darkcycle) with free access to food and water. Prior to each experiment,food was withheld overnight, whereas water was provided ad libitum. Eachferret was tested with either varenicline (500 μg/kg; n=3) or YL-1-27(30 mg/kg; n=3).

Emetic testing consisted of placing animals individually in apolycarbonate enclosure. Following a 30 min acclimation period, eachanimal randomly received a subcutaneus injection of varencline orcompound (S)-15 (YL-1-127) in the subscapular region. A 60 minobservation and video recording followed the drug administration.Following this period, animals that showed drug effects of either nauseaand/or emesis were administered intraperitoneally a 1 mg/kg combinationof granisetron and dexamethasone and returned to their home enclosure.All drugs were dissolved in sterile saline.

Video analysis of the incidence of emesis, stereotypical behaviors (suchas licking, mouth-clawing, backward walking, gagging, and burying of thehead in cage) and GI side effects (diarrhea) was done off-line.Stereotypical behaviors are thought to be reflective of a subjectivesensation of nausea. The emetic index of a drug was calculated as thepercentage of animals displaying emesis (one or more times in 60 min)divided by the total number of animals tested. An emetic episode wasdefined as the forceful oral expulsion of liquid or solid uppergastrointestinal contents that is temporally separated from another byat least 30 s.

The Nausea Index for the stereotypical behaviors was derived from themean±SEM number of nausea behaviors observed among all animals in agiven treatment group. Significance was determined at p<0.05.

Abbreviations Used.

YL-1-127, compound (S)-15,(S)-3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(hex-1-ynyl)-2-methylpyridine; nAChR,neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; CNS, central nervous system;VTA, ventral tegmental area; NAc, nucleus accumbens; [³H], tritiated; Prats, alcohol-preferring rats; ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder; EC₅₀, 50% agonism of the channel; E_(max), maximal response;IC₅₀, 50% antagonism of the channel; K_(i), binding affinity constant.

Example 4 Pharmacological Properties

We measured the in vitro binding affinities of the ligands for definedreceptor subtypes (α2β2, α2β4, α3β2, α3β4, α4β2, α4β4, α6β2, α6β4, andα7) expressed in stably transfected cell lines. [³H]Epibatidine ([³H]EB)binds to the agonist recognition site of all of the defined receptorsubtypes with high affinities. Rat forebrain homogenates were includedto allow comparison between the heterologous and native α4β2 and α7nAChRs. See Table 1 for binding affinity values (K_(i)) of the ligandsat the three major nAChR subtypes (α3β4. α4β2 and α7).

The functional properties of the ligands were determined by ⁸⁶Rb⁺ effluxassays in cells expressing α3β4 and α4β2 nAChR subtypes. The functionalactivity of each ligand was measured for its agonism, antagonism anddesensitization ability. Agonist activity for each of the ligands wastested at eight different concentrations. The responses were compared tothat stimulated by 100 μM (−)-nicotine, a near maximally effectiveconcentration. The full concentration-effect curves generated potency(EC₅₀) and efficacy (E_(max)) of each ligand. The antagonist activity ofeach ligand was determined by applying the ligand to cellssimultaneously with 100 μM (−)-nicotine. We tested each ligand forantagonist activity at eight concentrations. The potency (IC_(50(0′)))of each ligand as an antagonist was derived from the fullconcentration-effect curves. We determined the desensitization potencyof each ligand by pre-treating cells with the test compound for 10minutes before 100 μM (−)-nicotine was applied. The potency of a ligandto desensitize the receptor after a 10 minute exposure (IC_(50(10′)) wasobtained with full concentration-effect curves using at least 8concentrations of the ligand. Although ⁸⁶Rb⁺ efflux assays are themainly used to determine functional properties, we also used whole cellcurrent measurements to verify the key experiments. See Table 1 belowfor potency of the compounds to desensitize the two major receptor(IC_(50(10′))) subtypes, α3β4 and α4β2.

Preliminary studies of YL-1-127 in animal models indicate that theseligands may have a better adverse effect profile than those of othernicotinic ligands.

TABLE 3 In Vitro Pharmacological Properties of Nicotinic Ligands K_(i)(nM) IC_(50(10′)) (nM) Compound α3β4 α4β2 α7 α3β4 α4β2 Sazetidine-A1,900 0.062 1,600 >10,000 7.5 YL-1-117 22,000 9,900 110,000 YL-1-16994,000 73 81,000 YL-1-127 230.000 12 93,000 18 YL-1-171 200,000 740120,000 YL-1-199 150,000 9.6 150,000 36,000 11 YL-1-217 250,000 4.3170,000 50,000 42 YL-1-231 130,000 4.2 150,000 13,000 140 YL-1-23586,000 4.7 67,200 11,000 270

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All of the U.S. patents and U.S. patent application publications citedherein are hereby incorporated by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended to be encompassed by the following claims.

1. A compound represented by the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein, independentlyfor each occurrence, R₁ is alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl orhaloalkyl; R₂ is H or halogen; R₃ is H or substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen,haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aroyl,heteroaroyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, carboxy,carboxyalkyl, —CH₂—NH—C(O)—R₆, —CH₂—CH₂—C(O)—O-alkyl or —NH—C(O)-alkyl;R₆ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or N(R₇)(R₈); R₇ is H or substituted orunsubstituted alkyl; R₈ is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl oraryl; and A is selected from the group consisting of

wherein, m is 0, 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 n is 1, 2 or 3, p and q areindependently 1 or 2; R₁₁ is H, alkyl or alkenyl; R₁₂ is alkyl, alkoxy,alkoxyalkyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl,—O—C(O)-alkyl, or —O-methanesulfonyl; wherein, if present, eachsubstituent is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amino,aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cyano, nitro, haloalkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, or hydroxy; and wherein the absolutestereochemistry at a stereogenic center may be R or S or a mixturethereof; and the stereochemistry of a double bond may be E or Z or amixture thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is alkyl. 3.(canceled)
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is hydroxyalkyl. 5.(canceled)
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is haloalkyl. 7.(canceled)
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is alkoxyalkyl. 9.(canceled)
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is H.
 11. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is halogen.
 12. (canceled)
 13. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R₃ is halogen. 14-18. (canceled)
 19. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein m is
 0. 20-22. (canceled)
 23. The compoundof claim 1 wherein R₃ is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.
 24. Thecompound of claim 23, wherein R₃ is

wherein R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy,halogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl and heteroaralkyl; wherein each substituent isindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cyano,nitro, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen and hydroxy.
 25. Thecompound of claim 23, wherein R₃ is selected from the group consistingof


26. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is

27-32. (canceled)
 33. The compound of claim 26, wherein n is
 1. 34. Thecompound of claim 26, wherein n is
 2. 35. The compound of claim 26,wherein R₁₁ is H; m is 0; and n is
 1. 36. (canceled)
 37. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein R₁ is alkyl; R₂ is H; R₃ is substituted orunsubstituted alkynyl; and A is


38. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl; R₂ is H; R₃ is

wherein R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy,halogen, and substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl and heteroaralkyl; wherein each substituent isindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cyano,nitro, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halogen and hydroxy; and Ais


39. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl; R₂ is H; R₃ isselected from the group consisting of

and A is

40-49. (canceled)
 50. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising acompound of claim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 51.(canceled)
 52. (canceled)
 53. A method of modulating a nicotinic AChreceptor, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof aneffective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 54-67. (canceled)
 68. Amethod of treating Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,dyskinesias, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, attention deficitdisorder, anxiety, pain, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder,chemical substance abuse, alcoholism, memory deficit, pseudodementia,Ganser's syndrome, migraine pain, bulimia, obesity, premenstrualsyndrome or late luteal phase syndrome, tobacco abuse, post-traumaticsyndrome, social phobia, chronic fatigue syndrome, prematureejaculation, erectile difficulty, anorexia nervosa, disorders of sleep,autism, mutism or trichotillomania, comprising administering to a mammalin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofclaim
 1. 69-82. (canceled)
 83. A method of treating hypothermia,comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 84-86. (canceled)